|
The history of masturbation describes broad changes in society concerning the ethics, social attitudes, scientific study, and artistic depiction of masturbation over the history of human sexuality. The sexual stimulation of one's own genitals has been interpreted variously by different religions, the subject of legislation, social controversy, activism, as well as intellectual study in sexology. Social views regarding masturbation taboo have varied greatly in different cultures, and over history. ==Ancient history== There are depictions of male and female masturbation in prehistoric rock paintings around the world. Most early people seem to have connected human sexuality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of Malta, depicts a woman masturbating.〔"The Ħaġar Qim woman is... masturbating, with one hand languidly supporting her head. 〕 However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common. From the earliest records, ancient Sumer had a relaxed attitude toward sex, and masturbation was a popular technique for enhancing potency, either alone or with a partner.〔Dening, Sarah. ''The Mythology of Sex''. Macmillian 1996, ISBN 978-0-02-861207-2〕〔Dening, Sarah, ''The Mythology of Sex'' (Chapter 3 )〕 Male masturbation was an even more important image in ancient Egypt: when performed by a god it could be considered a creative or magical act: the god Atum was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation, and the ebb and flow of the Nile was attributed to the frequency of his ejaculations. Egyptian Pharaohs, in response to this, were at one time required to masturbate ceremonially into the Nile.〔Johnathan Margolis, "O: The intimate history of the orgasm", 2003. p134〕 The ancient Greeks regarded masturbation as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure. They considered it a safety valve against destructive sexual frustration. The Greeks also dealt with female masturbation in both their art and writings. One common term used for it was ''anaphlan,'' which roughly translates as "up-fire". Diogenes, speaking in jest, credited the god Hermes with its invention: he allegedly took pity on his son Pan, who was pining for Echo but unable to seduce her, and taught him the trick of masturbation in order to relieve his suffering. Pan in his turn taught the habit to young shepherds.〔Dio Crysostom, ''Discourses,'' iv.20〕 Masturbation is little noted in the sources for ancient Roman sexuality.〔Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in ''A Companion to the Roman Empire'' (Blackwell, 2006), p. 351.〕 The poet Martial considers it an inferior form of sexual release resorted to by slaves.〔Though he admits to resorting to it: Martial, 2.43.14. See Craig A. Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity'' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 270; J.P. Sullivan, ''Martial, the Unexpected Classic: A Literary and Historical Study'' (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 190.〕 Though infrequently mentioned, masturbation was a longstanding theme in Latin satire, appearing in one of the few surviving fragments of Lucilius, Rome's earliest practitioner of the genre.〔''At laeva lacrimas muttoni absterget amica'' ("A girlfriend wipes away Mutto's tears — his left hand, that is"): Lucilius 307 and 959. Kirk Freundenburg has dubbed the ''muttō'' of Lucilius "clearly the least finicky of all personified penises in Roman satire": ''Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 205.〕 The Romans preferred the left hand for masturbation.〔Antonio Varone, ''Erotica pompeiana: Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii'' ("L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 2002), p. 95; ''CIL'' 4.2066, as cited by John G. Younger, ''Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z'' (Routledge, 2005), p. 108.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of masturbation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|